A new study found that 24-month-old children who spent less than 60 minutes looking at screens each day and those who engaged in more physical activity had better executive function.

The toddlers' program was designed according to the American Academy of Pediatrics guidelines for physical activity, and their executive function was measured against a second group who did not meet these guidelines.

The study's aim was to see the difference in the toddlers' abilities to remember, plan, pay attention, shift between tasks, and regulate their own thoughts and behavior, a suite of skills known as executive function.

"Executive function underlies your ability to engage in goal-directed behaviors," said University of Illinois professor Naiman Khan, who led the study.

"It includes abilities such as inhibitory control, which allows you to regulate your thoughts, emotions and behavior; working memory, by which you are able to hold information in mind long enough to accomplish a task; and cognitive flexibility, the adeptness with which you switch your attention between tasks or competing demands."

Through its Bright Futures initiative, the AAP recommends that children spend less than 60 minutes looking at screens each day, engage in daily physical activity, consume five or more servings of fruits and vegetables and minimize or eliminate the consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages, which isn't half-different from what the guidelines ought to be for adults by the way.

Previous studies have linked adherence to guidelines for physical activity levels, screen time and diet quality with executive function in school-aged or adolescent children.

"We wanted to test the hypothesis that healthy weight status and adherence to the AAP guidelines for diet and physical activity would extend to greater executive function in 24-month-old children," said Arden McMath, a graduate student of Khan's and co-author of the paper.

"We focused on an earlier period in child development to see whether and how early in life these relationships begin," she said.

The families of the 356 toddlers in the new research are participants in the STRONG KIDS 2 cohort study at the Univ. of Illinois, a long-term look at the interdependent factors that predict dietary habits and weight trajectories of children who are followed from birth to 5-years-old.

The study uses parental surveys and data on the children collected at eight time points over the five years, including when the children are 24-months-old.

"The surveys asked parents to report on several aspects of their child's daily habits, including how much time they looked at screens, how physically active they were, whether they had at least five servings of fruits and vegetables and whether they refrained from drinking sugar-sweetened beverages," McMath said.

The parents also responded to a standard survey designed to measure executive function in toddlers. These questions asked them to evaluate their child's ability to plan and organize their thoughts, regulate their emotional responses, inhibit impulses, remember information and shift attention between tasks.

The team then used a structural equation modeling technique to make their assessments of the data.

"We found that toddlers who engaged in less than 60 minutes of screen time per day had significantly greater ability to actively control their own cognition than those who spent more time staring at phones, tablets, televisions and computers," McMath said. "They had greater inhibitory control, working memory and overall executive function."

Toddlers who got daily physical activity also did significantly better on tests of working memory than those who didn't, the researchers found.

"The influence of engaging in healthy behaviors on cognitive abilities appears to be evident in early childhood, particularly for behaviors surrounding physical activity and sedentary time," Khan said.

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