Researchers have found a link between bacteria and aggressive forms of prostate cancer.

The University of East Anglia scientists identified five types of bacteria which were common in urine and tissue samples from men with aggressive prostate cancer.

It is hoped that these findings could help pave the way for treatments that could target these particular bacteria and slow or prevent the development of aggressive disease.

"We already know of some strong associations between infections and cancer," Project lead Prof Colin Cooper, from UEA's Norwich Medical School, said. "For example, the presence of Helicobacter pylori bacteria in the digestive tract can lead to stomach ulcers and is associated with stomach cancer, and some types of the HPV virus can cause cervical cancer.

"We wanted to find out whether bacteria could be linked to the way prostate cancer grows and spreads."

"While prostate cancer is responsible for a large proportion of all male cancer deaths, it is more commonly a disease men die with rather than from," Dr Jeremy Clark, also from UEA's Norwich Medical School, explained. "And little is known about what causes some prostate cancers to become more aggressive than others. We now have evidence that certain bacteria are involved in this and are part of the puzzle."

The team worked with colleagues at the Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital, the Quadram Institute, and other collaborators to analyze urine or tissue samples from more than 600 patients with or without prostate cancer. And they developed methods of finding the bacteria associated with aggressive prostate cancer.

The University of East Anglia scientists identified five types of bacteria which were common in urine and tissue samples from men with aggressive prostate cancer.

It is hoped that these findings could help pave the way for treatments that could target these particular bacteria and slow or prevent the development of aggressive disease.

"We already know of some strong associations between infections and cancer," Project lead Prof Colin Cooper, from UEA's Norwich Medical School, said. "For example, the presence of Helicobacter pylori bacteria in the digestive tract can lead to stomach ulcers and is associated with stomach cancer, and some types of the HPV virus can cause cervical cancer.

"We wanted to find out whether bacteria could be linked to the way prostate cancer grows and spreads."

"While prostate cancer is responsible for a large proportion of all male cancer deaths, it is more commonly a disease men die with rather than from," Dr Jeremy Clark, also from UEA's Norwich Medical School, explained. "And little is known about what causes some prostate cancers to become more aggressive than others. We now have evidence that certain bacteria are involved in this and are part of the puzzle."

The team worked with colleagues at the Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital, the Quadram Institute, and other collaborators to analyze urine or tissue samples from more than 600 patients with or without prostate cancer. And they developed methods of finding the bacteria associated with aggressive prostate cancer.

"To detect the bacteria, we used many different approaches including whole genome sequencing of the tissue samples, a method which is being used increasingly as we transition into an era of genomic medicine," Dr Rachel Hurst, first author of this work and also from UEA's Norwich Medical School, said. "When tumor samples are sequenced, DNA from any pathogens present are also sequenced, making it possible to detect bacteria.

"We found several types of bacteria associated with aggressive prostate cancer, some of which are new types of bacteria never found before."

Two of the new bacteria species found by the team have been named after two of the study's funders—Porphyromonas bobii, after the The Bob Champion Cancer Trust and Varibaculum prostatecancerukia, after Prostate Cancer UK.

The set of bacteria found by the team include Anaerococcus, Peptoniphilus, Porphyromonas, Fenollaria, and Fusobacterium. All of these are anaerobic, which means they like to grow without oxygen present.

"When any of these specific anaerobic bacteria were detected in the patient's samples, it was linked to the presence of higher grades of prostate cancer and more rapid progression to aggressive disease," Dr Hurst said. "We also identified potential biological mechanisms of how these bacteria may be linked to cancer.

"Among the things we don't yet know is how people pick up these bacteria, whether they are causing the cancer, or whether a poor immune response permits the growth of the bacteria.

"But we hope that our findings and future work could lead to new treatment options, that could slow or prevent aggressive prostate cancer from developing. Our work could also lay the foundations for new tests that use bacteria to predict the most effective treatment for each man's cancer," she added.

The team also noted that many bacteria are beneficial to human life and it is not a simple matter to remove the harmful bacteria without removing the protection provided by the good bacteria.

"Knowing when we can watch and wait or whether we need to start treatment is a major challenge for people with prostate cancer. If we can target aggressive cancers while sparing others from unnecessary treatment it will dramatically improve the way we manage this disease," Prof Daniel Brewer, from UEA's Norwich Medical School and a visiting worker at the Earlham Institute, noted. "There seems to be a clear link between these bacteria and the way the cancer is behaving. We need to understand this relationship in more detail but it's a major step towards developing a cheap and quick test that could guide treatment decisions."

"This research exemplifies the Norwich Research Park's multidisciplinary approach to studying infection," Collaborator Prof John Wain from the Quadram Institute said. "The link between bacterial growth and cancer is not always straight forward and working with the cancer group at the Norwich Medical School has allowed us to demonstrate a possible link between bacteria living in the prostate and severe forms of prostate cancer.

"By combining advanced computational analysis of DNA sequence data from the urine of patients with an in depth understanding of cancer biology and the ability to characterize new species of bacteria we were able to show an association between the presence of several bacteria and progression to an aggressive form of prostate cancer.

"This will now enable further work to determine if there are causal relationships between microbes and cancer."

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"This is an exciting discovery that has the potential to truly revolutionize treatment for men," Dr Hayley Luxton, Research Impact Manager at Prostate Cancer UK, stated of the research, published in the journal European Urology Oncology.

"We currently have no way of reliably identifying aggressive prostate cancers, and this research could help make sure men get the right treatment for them. If the team can demonstrate that these newly-identified bacteria can not only predict, but actually cause aggressive prostate cancer, for the first time we may actually be able to prevent prostate cancer occurring. This would be a huge breakthrough that could save thousands of lives each year.

Source: UEA 

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